<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC '-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN'  'http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd'><article><articleinfo><title>FAQ/effcis</title><revhistory><revision><revnumber>27</revnumber><date>2022-05-12 09:03:24</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>26</revnumber><date>2022-05-12 09:00:29</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>25</revnumber><date>2022-05-12 08:45:19</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>24</revnumber><date>2022-05-12 08:44:15</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>23</revnumber><date>2015-08-20 14:49:45</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>22</revnumber><date>2013-03-08 10:17:38</date><authorinitials>localhost</authorinitials><revremark>converted to 1.6 markup</revremark></revision><revision><revnumber>21</revnumber><date>2012-09-27 09:48:14</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>20</revnumber><date>2012-09-27 09:42:46</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>19</revnumber><date>2012-08-07 10:28:29</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>18</revnumber><date>2012-01-13 14:32:55</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>17</revnumber><date>2012-01-13 14:13:27</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>16</revnumber><date>2012-01-13 13:06:51</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>15</revnumber><date>2012-01-13 12:53:34</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>14</revnumber><date>2010-01-28 15:41:36</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>13</revnumber><date>2009-01-14 12:36:12</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>12</revnumber><date>2009-01-14 12:32:00</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>11</revnumber><date>2008-12-05 12:07:01</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>10</revnumber><date>2008-12-05 12:06:50</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>9</revnumber><date>2008-09-18 14:21:28</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>8</revnumber><date>2008-09-18 14:12:51</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>7</revnumber><date>2008-09-12 12:20:33</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>6</revnumber><date>2007-07-17 15:13:43</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>5</revnumber><date>2007-07-17 15:10:26</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>4</revnumber><date>2007-07-17 15:09:56</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>3</revnumber><date>2007-07-17 15:09:24</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>2</revnumber><date>2007-07-17 15:09:16</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>1</revnumber><date>2007-07-17 15:07:55</date><authorinitials>PeterWatson</authorinitials></revision></revhistory></articleinfo><section><title>A guide to obtaining confidence intervals for effect sizes</title><para>Effect sizes, specify the magnitude of a statistical comparison. However, this does not tell us how precisely it is measured. </para><para>There are <ulink url="https://thenewstatistics.com/itns/esci/">details by Geoff Cumming</ulink>, Keselman et al (2008) and  Steiger (2004) on combining these concepts by giving confidence intervals for effect sizes. Michael Smithson <ulink url="https://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/people/smithson/details/CIstuff/CI.html">has syntax</ulink> in SPSS and other statistical software to do the computations. There are also some <ulink url="https://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/people/smithson/details/CIstuff/Noncoht2.pdf">workshop notes</ulink> to explain what's going on. See also Smithson (2001). </para><para>This <ulink url="https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=75">on-line calculator</ulink> will work out CIs for f-squareds which can be converted into R-squareds using the calculator  <ulink url="https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=76">here</ulink> which uses the formula of R-squared = f-squared/(1+f-squared). This can be also done in R using the <emphasis role="strong">CI.Rsq</emphasis> function which uses the standard error for R-squared equal to sqrt((4*rsq*(1-rsq)<superscript>2 </superscript>*(n-k-1)<superscript>2 </superscript>)/((n<superscript>2 </superscript>-1)*(n+3))) for a R-squared (rsq) with k predictors and a sample size of n.  </para><para>There is also <ulink url="http://core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/SPSS/SPSS-Programs.htm">SPSS syntax</ulink>, with an example, for obtaining a confidence interval for Cohen's d and <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/effcis/statswiki/FAQ/Rcis#">R syntax</ulink> for an alternative more robust nonparametric bootstrap estimate (see for example Keselman et al (2008)) for confidence intervals for Cohens' d and correlations which come from non-Normal distributions.  </para><para>Keselman et al (2008) have some <ulink url="http://www.apa.org/journals/supplemental/met_13_2_110/met_13_2_110_supp.html">SAS V9.1 code with examples</ulink> to produce bootstrap confidence intervals for effect sizes (ie based on repeated random sampling) for a robust (winsorised) version of Cohen's d in mixed anovas (replacing the lowest and highest 20% of outcome data by their respective least extreme values. This paper is available free to CBSUers using the APA internet link. </para><para>* <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/effcis/statswiki/FAQ/cdse#">A suggestion for directly computing the s.e. of Cohen's d for use in constructing confidence intervals</ulink> </para><para>Bird (2022) gives formulae for the comparison of pairs of standardised differences in group means. </para><para><emphasis role="underline">References</emphasis> </para><para>Bird, KD (2022, April 11). Improved Confidence Intervals for Differences Between Standardized Effect Sizes. <emphasis>Psychological Methods</emphasis>. Advance online publication. <ulink url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000494"/> </para><para>Fidler, F and Thompson, B (2001) Computing correct confidence intervals for ANOVA Fixed- and random-effects effect sizes. <emphasis>Educational and Psychological Measurement</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">61</emphasis> 575-604. CIs computed using step-by-step standard output from ANOVAs. </para><para>Keselman, HJ, Algina, J, Lix, LM, Wilcox, RR, Deering, KN (2008) A generally robust approach for testing hypotheses and setting confidence intervals for effect sizes <emphasis>Psychological Methods</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">13(2)</emphasis> 110-129. </para><para>Smithson, M (2001) Correct confidence intervals for various regression effect sizes and parameters: the importance of noncentral distributions in computing intervals. <emphasis>Educational and Psychological Measurement</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">61</emphasis> 605-632. </para><para>Steiger, JH (2004) Beyond the F Test: Effect Size Confidence Intervals and Tests of Close Fit in the Analysis of Variance and Contrast Analysis. <emphasis>Psychological Methods</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">9(2)</emphasis> 164-182. </para></section></article>