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#acl GoodGroup:admin,read,write,delete,revert CambridgeGroup:read CbuGroup:read |
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== Commands == | == Commands for Navigation, File Manipulation etc. == |
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|| Show contents of current directory: || ''ls'' || details: ''ls –l'', hidden files: ''ls –a'', output to file: ''ls > file.txt'', wild cards: ''ls *.txt'' || || Change directory: || ''cd <newdir>'' || e.g. ''cd /home/myname/mydatadir'', one up: ''cd ..'' (e.g. ''cd ../batchfiles'', to home directory: ''cd ~'') || ||Make directory: || ''mkdir <newdir>'' || || || Copy file/directory: || ''cp <old> <new>'' || || || Move file: || ''mv <old> <new>'' || || || Delete file: || ''rm <filename>'' || delete directory: ''rm –r <dirname>'' || || Search for files in directory structures: || ''find'' || || || Find letter string within text || grep || ''grep error logfile.txt'', ''grep <yourname> | ps -ef'' || || See list of previous commands: || ''history'' || || || Execute command from history list: || ''!<x>'', where ''x'' is number in history list || e.g. '''!112'' || || Changing access permissions: || ''chmod'' || e.g. ''chmod 755 <myfile>'' || || Show load of linux boxes: || ''showload'' || || || Change linux box: || ''ssh <machine>'' || e.g. ''ssh l42'' || || Show current processes: || ''ps'' || ''ps -ef'' || |
|| Show contents of current directory || ''ls'' || details: ''ls –l'', hidden files: ''ls –a'', output to file: ''ls > file.txt'', wild cards: ''ls *.txt'' || || Change directory || ''cd <newdir>'' || e.g. ''cd /home/myname/mydatadir'', one up: ''cd ..'' (e.g. ''cd ../batchfiles''), to home directory: ''cd ~'' || ||Make directory || ''mkdir <newdir>'' || || || Copy file/directory || ''cp <old> <new>'' || Copy directories: ''cp -r <old> <new>'' || || Move file/directory || ''mv <old> <new>'' || || || Delete file/directory || ''rm <filename>'' || delete directory: ''rm –r <dirname>'', suppress warning prompt: ''rm -f <filename>'' || || Create link between a new filename and an existing file || ''ln <filename> <linkname>'' || symbolic link: ''ln -s <filename> <linkname>'', to see whether a file is "real" or a symbolic link, use ''ls -l'' || || Find a file in directory structure || ''find'' || find ''myfile.txt'' in current directory and below: ''find . -name myfile.txt'' || || Find letter string within text || ''grep'' || ''grep error logfile.txt'', ''ps -ef | grep <yourname>'' || || See list of previous commands || ''history'' || || || Execute command from history list || ''!<x>'', where ''x'' is number in history list || e.g. ''!112'' to get command 112 from ''history'' list || || Send output of a command to text file || ''>'' || e.g. ''ls -l > listoffiles.txt'', ''>>'' appends instead of overwriting || || Send output of a command directly to another command ("pipes") || ''|'' || e.g. ''grep myfile.txt | ls -l'' || || Run progress in background (keep command prompt) || ''&'' || e.g. ''matlab &'', ''runmybatch.sh &'' || || Changing access permissions || ''chmod'' || e.g. ''chmod 755 <myfile>'' || || Create shortcut for command || ''alias'' || e.g. ''alias cd_batch "cd <mybatchdir>"'', ''alias h history'' || || Convert text files from DOS to Unix || ''dos2unix <filename>'' || || || Edit files || ''nedit'', ''emacs'', ''vi'' || e.g. type ''nedit &'' to keep command prompt || || Help on linux commands || ''man <yourcommand>'' || turn page using space bar, quit typing ''q'' || || Short description of commands || ''whatis <yourcommand>'' || || = System-Related Commands = || Show load of linux boxes || ''showload'' || || || Change linux box || ''ssh <machine>'' || e.g. ''ssh l42'' || || Show your jobs/processes in current session || jobs || || || Show current processes || ''ps'' || more details: ''ps -ef'' || || Kill a process || ''kill'' || ''kill <processID>'', where ''<processID>'' is from ''ps'' output || |
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|| Checking where an executable file is located: || ''which <filename>'' || || || Show features of current linux box: || ''uname –a'' || || || Check your user name: || ''whoami'' || || || Convert text files from DOS to Unix || ''dos2unix <filename>'' || || || Edit files: || ''nedit'', ''emacs'', ''vi'' || || || Help on linux commands: || ''man yourcommand'' (quit typing ''q'') || || |
|| Checking where an executable file is located || ''which <filename>'' || || || Show features of current linux box || ''uname'' || more details: ''uname -a'' || || Check your user name || ''whoami'' || || || Get time or date || ''time'', ''date'' || || |
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|| Type the beginning of a previously used command, then simultaneously press ''Esc p'' to autocomplete to last used command with same beginning || | |
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|| VNC (http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/UsingVNC): Putty, ''vncserver –geometry 1280x1024 –name <somename>, for OpenGL graphics: ''vncserver.glx -geometry 1280x1024 -name <somename>'' || | || Overview of CBU computing: http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/Beginners/MatlabIntroCBU?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=RussellComputing.pdf || || Computing on Intranet: http://intranet.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/computing/ || || Intro to Unix: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/ || || More [http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/Beginners computing-related intros] || || Primer on [http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/AnalyzingData/Primer_ShellScripting shell scripting] || || VNC (http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/UsingVNC): start Putty, ''vncserver –geometry 1280x1024 –name <somename>, for OpenGL graphics: ''vncserver.glx -geometry 1280x1024 -name <somename>'' || |
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|| 32-bit machines: l21, l24-31, l33-l36, l37-l42 64-bit machines: l43-l63 OpenGL machines: l37-l42 || || Computing on Intranet: http://intranet.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/computing/ || || Intro to Unix: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/ || || Overview of CBU computing: http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/Beginners/MatlabIntroCBU?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=RussellComputing.pdf || |
|| 32-bit machines: l21, l24-31, l33-l36, l37-l42; 64-bit machines: l43-l63; OpenGL machines: l37-l42 || |
Your Survival Guide to Unix at the CBSU
Commands for Navigation, File Manipulation etc.
Function |
Command |
Options |
Show contents of current directory |
ls |
details: ls –l, hidden files: ls –a, output to file: ls > file.txt, wild cards: ls *.txt |
Change directory |
cd <newdir> |
e.g. cd /home/myname/mydatadir, one up: cd .. (e.g. cd ../batchfiles), to home directory: cd ~ |
Make directory |
mkdir <newdir> |
|
Copy file/directory |
cp <old> <new> |
Copy directories: cp -r <old> <new> |
Move file/directory |
mv <old> <new> |
|
Delete file/directory |
rm <filename> |
delete directory: rm –r <dirname>, suppress warning prompt: rm -f <filename> |
Create link between a new filename and an existing file |
ln <filename> <linkname> |
symbolic link: ln -s <filename> <linkname>, to see whether a file is "real" or a symbolic link, use ls -l |
Find a file in directory structure |
find |
find myfile.txt in current directory and below: find . -name myfile.txt |
Find letter string within text |
grep |
grep error logfile.txt, ps -ef | grep <yourname> |
See list of previous commands |
history |
|
Execute command from history list |
!<x>, where x is number in history list |
e.g. !112 to get command 112 from history list |
Send output of a command to text file |
> |
e.g. ls -l > listoffiles.txt, >> appends instead of overwriting |
Send output of a command directly to another command ("pipes") |
| |
e.g. grep myfile.txt | ls -l |
Run progress in background (keep command prompt) |
& |
e.g. matlab &, runmybatch.sh & |
Changing access permissions |
chmod |
e.g. chmod 755 <myfile> |
Create shortcut for command |
alias |
e.g. alias cd_batch "cd <mybatchdir>", alias h history |
Convert text files from DOS to Unix |
dos2unix <filename> |
|
Edit files |
nedit, emacs, vi |
e.g. type nedit & to keep command prompt |
Help on linux commands |
man <yourcommand> |
turn page using space bar, quit typing q |
Short description of commands |
whatis <yourcommand> |
|
System-Related Commands
Show load of linux boxes |
showload |
|
Change linux box |
ssh <machine> |
e.g. ssh l42 |
Show your jobs/processes in current session |
jobs |
|
Show current processes |
ps |
more details: ps -ef |
Kill a process |
kill |
kill <processID>, where <processID> is from ps output |
Show most CPU-intensive tasks on current processor |
top |
|
Checking where an executable file is located |
which <filename> |
|
Show features of current linux box |
uname |
more details: uname -a |
Check your user name |
whoami |
|
Get time or date |
time, date |
|
Useful Tricks
Use cursor keys up/down to get previous commands |
Copy/paste: mark text with left mouse button, click to destination, click middle mouse button |
Auto-complete commands: start typing, then “Tab” to complete to next unique possibility |
Type the beginning of a previously used command, then simultaneously press Esc p to autocomplete to last used command with same beginning |
General
Overview of CBU computing: http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/Beginners/MatlabIntroCBU?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=RussellComputing.pdf |
Computing on Intranet: http://intranet.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/computing/ |
Intro to Unix: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/ |
More [http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/Beginners computing-related intros] |
Primer on [http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/AnalyzingData/Primer_ShellScripting shell scripting] |
VNC (http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/UsingVNC): start Putty, vncserver –geometry 1280x1024 –name <somename>, for OpenGL graphics: vncserver.glx -geometry 1280x1024 -name <somename> |
Access home space: Windows \\home\username; Linux /home/username |
Access imaging space: Windows \\samfs-lh\imaging; Linux /imaging/username |
32-bit machines: l21, l24-31, l33-l36, l37-l42; 64-bit machines: l43-l63; OpenGL machines: l37-l42 |