Jessica's neuroanatomy tutorial
(compiled by [http://www.jessicagrahn.com/index.html Jessica Grahn])
attachment:brain_lobes.gif |
If only the brain really did come in colours... |
Orientation descriptions
attachment:planes.GIF BRBR* Coronal - Sections looking head-on, parallel to the faceBR* Sagittal - Sections parallel to the side of the headBR* Horizontal / transverse / axial - sections parallel to the floor BRBRBRBR |
attachment:Orientation.gif BRBR* Anterior / rostral- towards the frontBR* Posterior / caudal - towards the backBR* Superior / dorsal - towards the topBR* Inferior / ventral - towards the bottomBR* Medial - towards the midlineBR* Lateral - towards the sides |
The AC / PC line
The line joining the Anterior Commissure (AC) and Posterior Commissure (PC)
attachment:ACPCline.png
The Cerebellum
(Schmahmann, J.D., et al., Neuroimage, 1999, 10:233-260. )
attachment:cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.jpg BR attachment:gamma_sagslice.gif
The Basal Ganglia
Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (also called pallidum by AAL template).
attachment:BG.png attachment:BG_nooutline.png
The caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (the most ventral outline)
attachment:Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg
The Thalamus
attachment:Thalamus.png
The Colliculi
BR Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.BR In the z direction, once you see the colliculi, you are not in the thalamus anymoreBR The upper left picture has crosshairs on the superior colliculus, the rest are centred on the inferior colliculus.
attachment:colliculi.png
Brodmann Areas
In the cortex, Brodmann areas are often used in conjunction with anatomical lables to help specify an area.
attachment:brainbrodmannareas.gif |
1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortexBR4 = motor cortexBR5, 7 = secondary sensory cortexBR6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)BR8 = frontal eye fieldsBR9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortexBR10 = frontopolar cortexBR11, 12 = orbitofrontal areasBR17 = primary visual cortexBR18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortexBR24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortexBR41 = primary auditory cortexBR22, 42 = secondary auditory cortexBR39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's areaBR40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's areaBR44/45 = Broca's AreaBR47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortexBR(13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)BRBrodmann area 48 was described by Brodmann, but does not appear in his maps. |
The medial temporal lobe
- hippocampusBR - parahippocampal gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35, 36)BR - amygdalaBR - fusiform gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 19, 37).BR
BR attachment:HC.png attachment:HCPHCFGamyg2.png
The lateral temporal lobe
- Inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)BR - Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)BR - Superior temporal gyrus (STG)BR - Heschl's Gyrus (HG), also called transverse temporal gyrus. Contains primary auditory cortexBR - Temporal polesBR
BR attachment:LateralTemporal1.png attachment:LateralTemporal2.png
The supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas
BR SMA and pre-SMA, medial Brodmann area 6 BR The dividing line between the pre-SMA and the SMA is often considered to be the plane of y = 0.BR BR attachment:SMApre-SMA.png
The anterior cingulate
Generally taken to have cognitive (red) and affective (blue) divisions.BR Brodmann areas 24 and 32.BR An excellent review (from which this figure was taken) is available [http://download.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/PIIS1364661304002657.pdf here] BR attachment:cingulate.PNG
The frontal lobe
- Superior (red), middle (blue), and medial (greeen on midline) frontal gyri.BR - The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into pars opercularis (pink), pars triangularis (green), and pars orbitalis (yellow)BR - Brodmann area 44 = Broca's areaBR - Brodmann area 45/47 = Ventrolateral prefronal cortex (VLPFC)BR - Brodmann areas 9/46 = Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) BR
BR attachment:frontal_lobe.png attachment:frontal_lobe_Rwhite.png attachment:brainbrodmannareas_2.gif
The parietal lobe
- Brodmann areas 5 (green) and 7 (yellow) = superior parietal lobuleBR - Brodmann areas 39 (red) and 40 (blue) = inferior parietal lobuleBR - Brodmann area 39 = angular gyrusBR - Brodmann area 40 = supramarginal gyrusBR
attachment:parietal_rend_posterior.png attachment:parietal_rend_posterior45.png attachment:parietal_rend_posterior90.png BR
The Intraparietal sulcus divides superior and inferior lobules (yellow line on picture below)
attachment:intraparietal_axial.jpg
The occipital lobe
- - Brodmann area 17 = primary visual cortex (blue) - Brodmann 18 and 19 = secondary cortex (red and green)
Structural and functional anatomy related to the visual system: a nice picture (from American Scientist magazine).