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Describe NeuroanatomyTutorial here. = Jessica's neuroanatomy tutorial =
(compiled by [[http://www.jessicagrahn.com/index.html|Jessica Grahn]])

You can also use an [[http://headneckbrainspine.com/web_flash/newmodules/Brain%20MRI.swf|interactive brain atlas]].

<<BR>>
||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:brain_lobes.gif}} ||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none">If only the brain really did come in colours... ||
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<h2><span>Jessica's neuroanatomy tutorial for imagers (MRC CBU skills seminar)</span></h2>
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(compiled by Jessica Grahn, largely from the web)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img width="449" height="339" alt="brain lobes" src="/people/jessica.grahn/brain_lobes.gif" /><br />
If only the brain really did come in colours...<br />
<hr />
Here are the important <span>orientation words</span> for describing brain positions:<br />
<div>
<div><em>Coronal</em><span>:</span> Sections looking head-on toward an upright subject directly facing you <em><br />
Sagittal</em><span>:</span> Sections looking head-on toward an upright subject facing sideways <em><br />
Horizontal</em><span>:</span> Also known as transverse or axial sections, are parallel to the floor when the subject is standing upright</div>
<div><img width="224" vspace="5" hspace="20" height="185" class="middle" alt="planes" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/planes.GIF" /></div>
<div><strong><span>anterior</span></strong> (towards the front) <strong><span>posterior</span></strong> (towards the rear)<br />
<strong><span>superior</span></strong> ("above") <strong><span>inferior</span></strong> ("below")<br />
<strong><span>medial</span></strong> (towards the midline) <strong><span>lateral</span></strong> (away from the midline)<br />
<strong><span>rostral</span></strong> (towards the nose; Lat. rostrum, beak) <strong><span>caudal</span></strong> (towards the tail; Lat. cauda, tail)<br />
<strong><span>dorsal</span></strong> (towards the back; Lat. dorsum, back) <strong><span>ventral</span></strong> (towards the belly; Lat. venter, back)</div>
<div><img vspace="5" hspace="20" alt="Orientation.gif" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/Orientation.gif" /></div>
<div>
<hr />
<p><strong><span>The AC/PC line</span></strong></p>
<p><img width="600" height="1243" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/ACPCline.png" alt="acpcline" /></p>
</div>
<hr /></div>
<p><strong><span>The cerebellum</span></strong><br />
(Schmahmann, J.D., <em>et al.</em>, Neuroimage, 1999, 10:233-260. )<br />
<br />
<img class="c10" alt="gamma_sagslice.gif" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/gamma_sagslice.gif" /><br />
<img width="600" height="400" class="c11 c1 c2" alt="cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.gif" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.gif" /></p>
<hr />
<strong><span>The basal ganglia.</span></strong><br />
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (called pallidum by AAL template).<br />
<br />
<img width="600" height="684" alt="BG.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/BG.png" class="c12" /><img width="600" height="659" class="c13" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/BG_nooutline.png" alt="BG_nooutline.png" /><br />
<hr />
<p><strong>The caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (the most ventral outline).</strong></p>
<p><br />
<img width="700" height="279" class="c14" alt="Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg" /></p>
<hr />
<strong><span>The thalamus</span></strong><br />
<img width="600" height="601" class="c15" alt="Thalamus.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/Thalamus.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<hr />
<strong><span>The colliculi (superior colliculus and inferior colliculus).</span></strong><br />
In the z direction, once you see the colliculi, you are not in the thalamus anymore)<br />
The upper left picture has crosshairs on the superior colliculus, the rest are centred on the inferior colliculus.<br />
<img width="600" height="498" class="c16" alt="colliculi.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/colliculi.png" /><br />
<hr />
<p><strong>In cortex,</strong> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area" target="_blank"><strong>Brodmann areas</strong></a> <strong>are often used in conjunction with anatomical lables to help specify an area.</strong></p>
<p>Brodmann areas: some common associated functions.<br />
1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortex<br />
4 = motor cortex<br />
5, 7 = secondary sensory cortex<br />
6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)<br />
8 = frontal eye fields<br />
9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex<br />
10 = frontopolar cortex<br />
11, 12 = orbitofrontal areas<br />
17 = primary visual cortex<br />
18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortex<br />
24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortex<br />
41 = primary auditory cortex<br />
22, 42 = secondary auditory cortex<br />
39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area<br />
40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's area<br />
44/45 = Broca's Area<br />
47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex<br />
(13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)<br class="c18" />
Brodmann area 48 was described by Brodmann, but does not appear in his maps.<br />
<img class="c19" alt="brainbrodmannareas.gif" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/brainbrodmannareas.gif" /></p>
<hr />
<strong><span>The Medial Temporal Lobe (hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala/fusiform gyrus).</span></strong><br />
(Parahippocampal gyrus roughly intersects with Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35, 36)<br />
(Fusiform gyrus contains part of Brodmann area 37)<br />
<br />
<img width="600" height="617" alt="HC.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/HC.png" class="c20" /><img width="600" height="645" class="c23" alt="HCPHCFGamyg2.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/HCPHCFGamyg2.png" /><br />
<br />
<hr />
<strong><span>The lateral temporal lobe (ITG, MTG, STG, HG, and temporal poles).</span></strong><br />
Heschl's gyrus also called transverse temporal gyrus, with STG it contains primary auditory cortex, Brodmann areas 41 and 42.<br />
<br />
<img width="600" height="681" class="c24" alt="LateralTemporal1.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/LateralTemporal1.png" /><br />
<img width="600" height="678" class="c25" alt="LateralTemporal2.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/LateralTemporal2.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<hr />
<p><strong><span>The pre-supplementary motor area/sma: medial Brodmann area 6</span></strong></p>
<p>y = 0 is considered by most to be the dividing line between the pre-SMA and the SMA.<br />
<br />
<img width="600" height="647" class="c26" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/SMApre-SMA.png" alt="SMApre-SMA.png" /></p>
<hr />
<p><strong><span>The</span> premotor cortex</strong></p>
<p><span>in blue. Also Brodmann area 6, but lateral to the</span> SMA <span>(red).</span></p>
<table width="400" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
  <td>
<p><img width="159" height="178" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/PMCSMA_axial.png" alt="pmcsmaaxial" /></p>
</td>
  <td><img width="180" height="160" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/PMCSMA_coronal.png" alt="PMCSMAcoronal" /></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<strong><span>The anterior cingulate.</span></strong><br />
Generally taken to have <em>cognitive</em> (red) and <em>affective</em> (blue) divisions. Brodmann areas 24 and 32.<br />
For excellent review (from which this figure was taken, click <a href="http://download.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/PIIS1364661304002657.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>)<img width="477" height="423" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/cingulate.PNG" alt="cingulate" /><br />
<hr />
<p><strong><span>The frontal lobe.</span></strong><br />
The superior (red), middle (blue), and medial (green on midline) frontal gyri.<br />
The inferior frontal gyrus (par opercularis (pink), pars triangularis (green), pars orbitalis (yellow)).</p>
<table width="500" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
  <td><img width="217" height="217" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/frontal_lobe.png" alt="frontal1" /></td>
  <td><img width="217" height="217" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/frontal_lobe_Rwhite.png" alt="frontal2" /></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
<p><br />
<strong>The inferior frontal gyrus</strong></p>
<p>Divisions of the IFG roughly correspond to BA 44, BA 45, and BA 47 (44/45 = Broca's area, 47 = VLPFC)</p>
<p>Brodmann areas 9/46 = DLPFC, Brodmann area 47 = VLPFC</p>
<p><img width="467" height="329" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/brainbrodmannareas_2.GIF" alt="brodmann areas 2" /></p>
<hr />
<p><strong><span>The parietal lobe.</span></strong><br />
Brodmann areas 5 (green) and 7 (yellow) = superior parietal lobule<br />
Brodmann areas 39 (red) and 40 (blue) = inferior parietal lobule<br />
Brodmann area 39 = angular gyrus, Brodmann area 40 = supramarginal gyrus</p>
<table width="500" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
  <td><img class="c48" alt="parietal_rend_posterior" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/parietal_rend_posterior.png" /></td>
  <td><img width="177" height="170" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/parietal_rend_posterior45.png" alt="parietal 45 degree angle" /></td>
  <td><img width="185" height="159" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/parietal_rend_posterior90.png" alt="parietal 90 degress" /></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
<p>Intraparietal sulcus divides superior and inferior lobules (yellow line on picture below)</p>
<p><img width="421" height="484" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/intraparietal_axial.jpg" alt="ips" /></p>
<hr />
<p><strong><span>The occipital lobe</span></strong><br />
Brodmann areas 17 (primary visual cortex, blue), 18 and 19 (red and green, secondary visual cortex).<br />
<img class="c52" alt="occipital_rend_posterior.png" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/occipital_rend_posterior.png" /></p>
<p><br class="c54" />
<span>Structural and functional anatomy related to the visual system: a nice picture (from American Scientist magazine).</span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.condition.org/relation.htm" target="_blank"><img class="c56" alt="vis system pic" src="/people/jessica.grahn/neuroanatomyfiles/clip_image001.jpg" />vis</a></p>
<hr />
<p><strong><span>Links.</span></strong></p>
<p>A very comprehensive <a href="http://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htm" target="_blank">neuroanatomy site covering the entire brain: neuroimaging/vasculature/syndromes/pathology and quizzes.</a></p>
<p>This is an excellent site with MRIs, cadaver brains, and animations of brain structures (and you can quiz yourself!).<br />
<a href="http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html" target="_blank">http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html</a><br />
<br />
The <a href="http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies" target="_blank">fMRI for Newbies site</a> is filled with excellent information, including <a href="http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/BrainAnatomy.html" target="_blank">a page on functional anatomy</a>.</p>
<p>Clickable MRI and modelled brain sections yoked together. Click on Brain or detailed Brain.<br />
(once you've loaded the brain, read the buttons at the top and experiment a bit to see how they work: 'remove model' and 'cross-reference' are handy places to start.<br />
<a href="http://www.spl.harvard.edu/archive/spl-pre2007/pages/papers/AnatomyBrowser/current/models/brain/java/brain.html" target="_blank">http://www.spl.harvard.edu/archive/spl-pre2007/pages/papers/AnatomyBrowser/current/models/brain/java/brain.html</a><br />
<br />
Site with clickable list of neuroanatomical terms, with pictures.<br />
<a href="http://www.sylvius.com/" target="_blank">http://www.sylvius.com/</a><br />
<br />
If you're desperate to know about sulci, this manual with pictures may be helpful.<br />
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://www.cma.mgh.harvard.edu/manuals/parcellation/">http://www.cma.mgh.harvard.edu/manuals/parcellation/</a><br />
<br />
A less comprehensive (and more comprehensible) sulci description can be found here:<br />
<a href="http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/PrimeronCorticalSulci.html" target="_blank">http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/PrimeronCorticalSulci.html</a><br />
<br />
<strong>Software</strong><br />
I use <a href="www.mricro.com" target="_blank">MRIcro</a>, <a href="http://www.sph.sc.edu/comd/rorden/mribeta.zip" target="_blank">MRIcrobeta</a>, and <a href="http://www.sph.sc.edu/comd/rorden/mricron/" target="_blank">MRIcron</a> on Windows, and the <a href="http://www.fz-juelich.de/inb/inb-3/spm_anatomy_toolbox" target="_blank">Anatomy</a> toolbox in SPM (installed locally).</p>
<hr />
MRIcro beta version, a selection of the handy features (from Chris Rorden):<br />
<div class="c59"></div>
<div class="c59"><small class="c60">1.</small> <small class="c60">BatchConvertROIsToAnalyze: Convert numerous ROIs to Analyze format.</small><small class="c60"><br />
2. Convert NIfTI hdr/img to nii: combines the information of a hdr and img file into a single nii file.<br />
3. ResliceImage: convert anisotropic image to isotropic (e.g. 1x1x2mm -&gt; 1x1x1mm). (SPM's spline based reslicing is better, though)<br />
4. unNIfTI header: Turn a NIfTI hdr/img pair into a Analyze hdr/img pair that you can read with SPM2. It eliminates the NIfTI affine transformation matrix, so backup headers if you still hope to use SPM5<br />
5. Interpolate ROI slices - allows a user to only draw an ROI on a few slices and then interpolate missing slices.<br />
6. RescaleImageBy0.001: Useful for FSL's FUGUE tool when phase-unwrapping Philips images.<br />
7. IntensityNormalization: A simple global scaling function.<br />
8. ZeroImage: allows you to remove edges of image to aid brainextraction.</small> <small class="c60">(more sophisticated version is in MRIcron: Crop Edges)</small><small class="c60"><br />
9. Derivative: Takes a 4D image and makes a new 4D image where each volume shows the difference in signal relative to the previous volume.<br />
10.</small> <small>peristimulus plot: ability to create phase-locked fMRI timecourses (also available in MRIcron).</small></div>
</div>

<<BR>>

== Orientation descriptions ==
<<BR>>
||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:planes.GIF}} <<BR>><<BR>>* Coronal - Sections looking head-on, parallel to the face<<BR>>* Sagittal - Sections parallel to the side of the head<<BR>>* Horizontal / transverse / axial - sections parallel to the floor <<BR>><<BR>><<BR>><<BR>> ||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:Orientation.gif}} <<BR>><<BR>>* Anterior / rostral- towards the front<<BR>>* Posterior / caudal - towards the back<<BR>>* Superior / dorsal - towards the top<<BR>>* Inferior / ventral - towards the bottom<<BR>>* Medial - towards the midline<<BR>>* Lateral - towards the sides ||




<<BR>>

== The AC / PC line ==
<<BR>>

The line joining the Anterior Commissure (AC) and Posterior Commissure (PC)

{{attachment:ACPCline.png}}

<<BR>>

== The Cerebellum ==
<<BR>>

(Schmahmann, J.D., et al., Neuroimage, 1999, 10:233-260. )

{{attachment:cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.jpg}} <<BR>> {{attachment:gamma_sagslice.gif}}

<<BR>>

== The Basal Ganglia ==
<<BR>>

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (also called pallidum by AAL template).

{{attachment:BG.png}} {{attachment:BG_nooutline.png}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (the most ventral outline) ==
<<BR>>

{{attachment:Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The Thalamus ==
<<BR>>

{{attachment:Thalamus.png}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The Colliculi ==
<<BR>> Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.<<BR>> In the z direction, once you see the colliculi, you are not in the thalamus anymore<<BR>> The upper left picture has crosshairs on the superior colliculus, the rest are centred on the inferior colliculus.

{{attachment:colliculi.png}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== Brodmann Areas ==
<<BR>>

In the cortex, Brodmann areas are often used in conjunction with anatomical lables to help specify an area.
||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:brainbrodmannareas.gif}} ||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none;line-height:2em; ">1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortex<<BR>>4 = motor cortex<<BR>>5, 7 = secondary sensory cortex<<BR>>6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)<<BR>>8 = frontal eye fields<<BR>>9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex<<BR>>10 = frontopolar cortex<<BR>>11, 12 = orbitofrontal areas<<BR>>17 = primary visual cortex<<BR>>18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortex<<BR>>24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortex<<BR>>41 = primary auditory cortex<<BR>>22, 42 = secondary auditory cortex<<BR>>39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area<<BR>>40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's area<<BR>>44/45 = Broca's Area<<BR>>47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex<<BR>>(13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)<<BR>>Brodmann area 48 was described by Brodmann, but does not appear in his maps. ||




<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The medial temporal lobe ==
<<BR>>

 . - hippocampus<<BR>> - parahippocampal gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35, 36)<<BR>> - amygdala<<BR>> - fusiform gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 19, 37).<<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:HC.png}} {{attachment:HCPHCFGamyg2.png}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The lateral temporal lobe ==
<<BR>>

 . - Inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)<<BR>> - Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)<<BR>> - Superior temporal gyrus (STG)<<BR>> - Heschl's Gyrus (HG), also called transverse temporal gyrus. Contains primary auditory cortex<<BR>> - Temporal poles<<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:LateralTemporal1.png}} {{attachment:LateralTemporal2.png}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas ==
<<BR>> SMA and pre-SMA, medial Brodmann area 6 <<BR>> The dividing line between the pre-SMA and the SMA is often considered to be the plane of y = 0.<<BR>> <<BR>> {{attachment:SMApre-SMA.png}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The anterior cingulate ==
<<BR>>

Generally taken to have cognitive (red) and affective (blue) divisions.<<BR>> Brodmann areas 24 and 32.<<BR>> An excellent review (from which this figure was taken) is available [[http://download.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/PIIS1364661304002657.pdf|here]] <<BR>> {{attachment:cingulate.PNG}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The frontal lobe ==
<<BR>>

 . - Superior (red), middle (blue), and medial (greeen on midline) frontal gyri.<<BR>> - The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into pars opercularis (pink), pars triangularis (green), and pars orbitalis (yellow)<<BR>> - Brodmann area 44 = Broca's area<<BR>> - Brodmann area 45/47 = Ventrolateral prefronal cortex (VLPFC)<<BR>> - Brodmann areas 9/46 = Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) <<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:frontal_lobe.png}} {{attachment:frontal_lobe_Rwhite.png}} {{attachment:brainbrodmannareas_2.gif}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The parietal lobe ==
<<BR>>

 . - Brodmann areas 5 (green) and 7 (yellow) = superior parietal lobule<<BR>> - Brodmann areas 39 (red) and 40 (blue) = inferior parietal lobule<<BR>> - Brodmann area 39 = angular gyrus<<BR>> - Brodmann area 40 = supramarginal gyrus<<BR>>

<<BR>>

{{attachment:parietal_rend_posterior.png}} {{attachment:parietal_rend_posterior45.png}} {{attachment:parietal_rend_posterior90.png}} <<BR>>

The Intraparietal sulcus divides superior and inferior lobules (yellow line on picture below)

{{attachment:intraparietal_axial.jpg}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== The occipital lobe ==
<<BR>>

 . - Brodmann area 17 = primary visual cortex (blue)<<BR>> - Brodmann 18 and 19 = secondary cortex (red and green)<<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:occipital_rend_posterior.png}}

<<BR>>

Structural and functional anatomy related to the visual system: a nice picture (from American Scientist magazine).

<<BR>>

{{attachment:clip_image001.jpg}}

<<BR>> <<BR>>

== Links ==
<<BR>>

[[http://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htm|A very comprehensive neuroanatomy site covering the entire brain: neuroimaging/vasculature/syndromes/pathology and quizzes.]]

[[http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html|This is an excellent site with MRIs, cadaver brains, and animations of brain structures (and you can quiz yourself!).]]

The [[http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies|fMRI for Newbies]] site is filled with excellent information, including a [[http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/BrainAnatomy.html|page on functional anatomy]].

[[http://www.spl.harvard.edu/archive/spl-pre2007/pages/papers/AnatomyBrowser/current/models/brain/java/brain.html|Clickable MRI and modelled brain sections yoked together]].<<BR>> Click on Brain or detailed Brain.<<BR>> Once you've loaded the brain, read the buttons at the top and experiment a bit to see how they work: 'remove model' and 'cross-reference' are handy places to start.

[[http://www.sylvius.com/|Site with clickable list of neuroanatomical terms, with pictures]].

[[http://www.cma.mgh.harvard.edu/manuals/parcellation/|If you're desperate to know about sulci, this manual with pictures may be helpful]].

[[http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/PrimeronCorticalSulci.html|A less comprehensive (and more comprehensible) sulci description]].

<<BR>> <<BR>>

Jessica's neuroanatomy tutorial

(compiled by Jessica Grahn)

You can also use an interactive brain atlas.


brain_lobes.gif

If only the brain really did come in colours...


Orientation descriptions


planes.GIF

* Coronal - Sections looking head-on, parallel to the face
* Sagittal - Sections parallel to the side of the head
* Horizontal / transverse / axial - sections parallel to the floor



Orientation.gif

* Anterior / rostral- towards the front
* Posterior / caudal - towards the back
* Superior / dorsal - towards the top
* Inferior / ventral - towards the bottom
* Medial - towards the midline
* Lateral - towards the sides


The AC / PC line


The line joining the Anterior Commissure (AC) and Posterior Commissure (PC)

ACPCline.png


The Cerebellum


(Schmahmann, J.D., et al., Neuroimage, 1999, 10:233-260. )

cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.jpg
gamma_sagslice.gif


The Basal Ganglia


Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (also called pallidum by AAL template).

BG.png BG_nooutline.png



The caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (the most ventral outline)


Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg



The Thalamus


Thalamus.png



The Colliculi


Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.
In the z direction, once you see the colliculi, you are not in the thalamus anymore
The upper left picture has crosshairs on the superior colliculus, the rest are centred on the inferior colliculus.

colliculi.png



Brodmann Areas


In the cortex, Brodmann areas are often used in conjunction with anatomical lables to help specify an area.

brainbrodmannareas.gif

1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortex
4 = motor cortex
5, 7 = secondary sensory cortex
6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)
8 = frontal eye fields
9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
10 = frontopolar cortex
11, 12 = orbitofrontal areas
17 = primary visual cortex
18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortex
24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortex
41 = primary auditory cortex
22, 42 = secondary auditory cortex
39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area
40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's area
44/45 = Broca's Area
47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
(13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)
Brodmann area 48 was described by Brodmann, but does not appear in his maps.



The medial temporal lobe


  • - hippocampus
    - parahippocampal gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35, 36)
    - amygdala
    - fusiform gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 19, 37).


HC.png HCPHCFGamyg2.png



The lateral temporal lobe


  • - Inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)
    - Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)
    - Superior temporal gyrus (STG)
    - Heschl's Gyrus (HG), also called transverse temporal gyrus. Contains primary auditory cortex
    - Temporal poles


LateralTemporal1.png LateralTemporal2.png



The supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas


SMA and pre-SMA, medial Brodmann area 6
The dividing line between the pre-SMA and the SMA is often considered to be the plane of y = 0.

SMApre-SMA.png



The anterior cingulate


Generally taken to have cognitive (red) and affective (blue) divisions.
Brodmann areas 24 and 32.
An excellent review (from which this figure was taken) is available here
cingulate.PNG



The frontal lobe


  • - Superior (red), middle (blue), and medial (greeen on midline) frontal gyri.
    - The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into pars opercularis (pink), pars triangularis (green), and pars orbitalis (yellow)
    - Brodmann area 44 = Broca's area
    - Brodmann area 45/47 = Ventrolateral prefronal cortex (VLPFC)
    - Brodmann areas 9/46 = Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)


frontal_lobe.png frontal_lobe_Rwhite.png brainbrodmannareas_2.gif



The parietal lobe


  • - Brodmann areas 5 (green) and 7 (yellow) = superior parietal lobule
    - Brodmann areas 39 (red) and 40 (blue) = inferior parietal lobule
    - Brodmann area 39 = angular gyrus
    - Brodmann area 40 = supramarginal gyrus


parietal_rend_posterior.png parietal_rend_posterior45.png parietal_rend_posterior90.png

The Intraparietal sulcus divides superior and inferior lobules (yellow line on picture below)

intraparietal_axial.jpg



The occipital lobe


  • - Brodmann area 17 = primary visual cortex (blue)
    - Brodmann 18 and 19 = secondary cortex (red and green)


occipital_rend_posterior.png


Structural and functional anatomy related to the visual system: a nice picture (from American Scientist magazine).


clip_image001.jpg




A very comprehensive neuroanatomy site covering the entire brain: neuroimaging/vasculature/syndromes/pathology and quizzes.

This is an excellent site with MRIs, cadaver brains, and animations of brain structures (and you can quiz yourself!).

The fMRI for Newbies site is filled with excellent information, including a page on functional anatomy.

Clickable MRI and modelled brain sections yoked together.
Click on Brain or detailed Brain.
Once you've loaded the brain, read the buttons at the top and experiment a bit to see how they work: 'remove model' and 'cross-reference' are handy places to start.

Site with clickable list of neuroanatomical terms, with pictures.

If you're desperate to know about sulci, this manual with pictures may be helpful.

A less comprehensive (and more comprehensible) sulci description.



CbuImaging: NeuroanatomyTutorial (last edited 2013-03-27 18:33:07 by OlafHauk)