= Jessica's neuroanatomy tutorial =
(compiled by [[http://www.jessicagrahn.com/index.html|Jessica Grahn]])

You can also use an [[http://headneckbrainspine.com/web_flash/newmodules/Brain%20MRI.swf|interactive brain atlas]].

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||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:brain_lobes.gif}} ||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none">If only the brain really did come in colours... ||




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== Orientation descriptions ==
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||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:planes.GIF}} <<BR>><<BR>>* Coronal - Sections looking head-on, parallel to the face<<BR>>* Sagittal - Sections parallel to the side of the head<<BR>>* Horizontal / transverse / axial - sections parallel to the floor <<BR>><<BR>><<BR>><<BR>> ||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:Orientation.gif}} <<BR>><<BR>>* Anterior / rostral- towards the front<<BR>>* Posterior / caudal - towards the back<<BR>>* Superior / dorsal - towards the top<<BR>>* Inferior / ventral - towards the bottom<<BR>>* Medial - towards the midline<<BR>>* Lateral - towards the sides ||




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== The AC / PC line ==
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The line joining the Anterior Commissure (AC) and Posterior Commissure (PC)

{{attachment:ACPCline.png}}

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== The Cerebellum ==
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(Schmahmann, J.D., et al., Neuroimage, 1999, 10:233-260. )

{{attachment:cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.jpg}} <<BR>> {{attachment:gamma_sagslice.gif}}

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== The Basal Ganglia ==
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Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (also called pallidum by AAL template).

{{attachment:BG.png}} {{attachment:BG_nooutline.png}}

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== The caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (the most ventral outline) ==
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{{attachment:Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg}}

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== The Thalamus ==
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{{attachment:Thalamus.png}}

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== The Colliculi ==
<<BR>>  Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.<<BR>> In the z direction, once you see the colliculi, you are not in the thalamus anymore<<BR>> The upper left picture has crosshairs on the superior colliculus, the rest are centred on the inferior colliculus.

{{attachment:colliculi.png}}

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== Brodmann Areas ==
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In the cortex, Brodmann areas are often used in conjunction with anatomical lables to help specify an area.
||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none"> {{attachment:brainbrodmannareas.gif}} ||<60% #ffffff style="BORDER-BOTTOM:medium none;BORDER-LEFT:medium none;BORDER-TOP:medium none;BORDER-RIGHT:medium none;line-height:2em; ">1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortex<<BR>>4 = motor cortex<<BR>>5, 7 = secondary sensory cortex<<BR>>6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)<<BR>>8 = frontal eye fields<<BR>>9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex<<BR>>10 = frontopolar cortex<<BR>>11, 12 = orbitofrontal areas<<BR>>17 = primary visual cortex<<BR>>18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortex<<BR>>24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortex<<BR>>41 = primary auditory cortex<<BR>>22, 42 = secondary auditory cortex<<BR>>39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area<<BR>>40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's area<<BR>>44/45 = Broca's Area<<BR>>47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex<<BR>>(13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)<<BR>>Brodmann area 48 was described by Brodmann, but does not appear in his maps. ||




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== The medial temporal lobe ==
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 . - hippocampus<<BR>> - parahippocampal gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35, 36)<<BR>> - amygdala<<BR>> - fusiform gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 19, 37).<<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:HC.png}} {{attachment:HCPHCFGamyg2.png}}

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== The lateral temporal lobe ==
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 . - Inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)<<BR>> - Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)<<BR>> - Superior temporal gyrus (STG)<<BR>> - Heschl's Gyrus (HG), also called transverse temporal gyrus. Contains primary auditory cortex<<BR>> - Temporal poles<<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:LateralTemporal1.png}} {{attachment:LateralTemporal2.png}}

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== The supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas ==
<<BR>> SMA and pre-SMA, medial Brodmann area 6 <<BR>> The dividing line between the pre-SMA and the SMA is often considered to be the plane of y = 0.<<BR>> <<BR>> {{attachment:SMApre-SMA.png}}

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== The anterior cingulate ==
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Generally taken to have cognitive (red) and affective (blue) divisions.<<BR>> Brodmann areas 24 and 32.<<BR>> An excellent review (from which this figure was taken) is available [[http://download.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/PIIS1364661304002657.pdf|here]] <<BR>> {{attachment:cingulate.PNG}}

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== The frontal lobe ==
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 . - Superior (red), middle (blue), and medial (greeen on midline) frontal gyri.<<BR>> - The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into pars opercularis (pink), pars triangularis (green), and pars orbitalis (yellow)<<BR>> - Brodmann area 44 = Broca's area<<BR>> - Brodmann area 45/47 = Ventrolateral prefronal cortex (VLPFC)<<BR>> - Brodmann areas 9/46 = Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) <<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:frontal_lobe.png}} {{attachment:frontal_lobe_Rwhite.png}} {{attachment:brainbrodmannareas_2.gif}}

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== The parietal lobe ==
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 . - Brodmann areas 5 (green) and 7 (yellow) = superior parietal lobule<<BR>> - Brodmann areas 39 (red) and 40 (blue) = inferior parietal lobule<<BR>> - Brodmann area 39 = angular gyrus<<BR>> - Brodmann area 40 = supramarginal gyrus<<BR>>

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{{attachment:parietal_rend_posterior.png}} {{attachment:parietal_rend_posterior45.png}} {{attachment:parietal_rend_posterior90.png}} <<BR>>

The Intraparietal sulcus divides superior and inferior lobules (yellow line on picture below)

{{attachment:intraparietal_axial.jpg}}

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== The occipital lobe ==
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 . - Brodmann area 17 = primary visual cortex (blue)<<BR>> - Brodmann 18 and 19 = secondary cortex (red and green)<<BR>>

<<BR>> {{attachment:occipital_rend_posterior.png}}

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Structural and functional anatomy related to the visual system: a nice picture (from American Scientist magazine).

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{{attachment:clip_image001.jpg}}

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== Links ==
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[[http://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htm|A very comprehensive neuroanatomy site covering the entire brain: neuroimaging/vasculature/syndromes/pathology and quizzes.]]

[[http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html|This is an excellent site with MRIs, cadaver brains, and animations of brain structures (and you can quiz yourself!).]]

The [[http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies|fMRI for Newbies]] site is filled with excellent information, including a [[http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/BrainAnatomy.html|page on functional anatomy]].

[[http://www.spl.harvard.edu/archive/spl-pre2007/pages/papers/AnatomyBrowser/current/models/brain/java/brain.html|Clickable MRI and modelled brain sections yoked together]].<<BR>> Click on Brain or detailed Brain.<<BR>> Once you've loaded the brain, read the buttons at the top and experiment a bit to see how they work: 'remove model' and 'cross-reference' are handy places to start.

[[http://www.sylvius.com/|Site with clickable list of neuroanatomical terms, with pictures]].

[[http://www.cma.mgh.harvard.edu/manuals/parcellation/|If you're desperate to know about sulci, this manual with pictures may be helpful]].

[[http://psychology.uwo.ca/fmri4newbies/PrimeronCorticalSulci.html|A less comprehensive (and more comprehensible) sulci description]].

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