<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC '-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN'  'http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd'><article><articleinfo><title>AnalysisPrinciples</title><revhistory><revision><revnumber>50</revnumber><date>2013-03-09 12:58:53</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>49</revnumber><date>2013-03-09 12:56:08</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>48</revnumber><date>2013-03-07 21:23:57</date><authorinitials>localhost</authorinitials><revremark>converted to 1.6 markup</revremark></revision><revision><revnumber>47</revnumber><date>2013-02-04 14:59:50</date><authorinitials>OlafHauk</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>46</revnumber><date>2012-03-05 15:04:27</date><authorinitials>RikHenson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>45</revnumber><date>2011-02-02 18:02:26</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>44</revnumber><date>2011-02-02 18:00:49</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>43</revnumber><date>2011-02-02 17:59:50</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>42</revnumber><date>2011-02-02 17:57:31</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>41</revnumber><date>2010-07-16 14:57:53</date><authorinitials>YaaraErez</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>40</revnumber><date>2010-07-16 14:54:56</date><authorinitials>YaaraErez</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>39</revnumber><date>2010-07-16 14:54:22</date><authorinitials>YaaraErez</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>38</revnumber><date>2010-07-16 14:51:28</date><authorinitials>YaaraErez</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>37</revnumber><date>2010-03-18 15:20:54</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>36</revnumber><date>2010-03-18 15:19:17</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>35</revnumber><date>2010-03-18 15:08:19</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>34</revnumber><date>2010-03-18 15:07:00</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>33</revnumber><date>2010-03-18 15:05:02</date><authorinitials>RussellThompson</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>32</revnumber><date>2010-01-06 14:11:16</date><authorinitials>JessicaGrahn</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>31</revnumber><date>2010-01-06 14:10:24</date><authorinitials>JessicaGrahn</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>30</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 21:54:12</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>29</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 16:11:13</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>28</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 16:10:58</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>27</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 14:54:34</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>26</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:51:44</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>25</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:50:56</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>24</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:46:52</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>23</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:46:28</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>22</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:44:40</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>21</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:44:01</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>20</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:43:38</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>19</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:23:55</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>18</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:21:52</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>17</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:19:18</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>16</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:18:39</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>15</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 13:18:17</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>14</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 12:52:30</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>13</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 12:52:18</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>12</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 12:51:11</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>11</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 12:49:46</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>10</revnumber><date>2009-10-16 12:48:44</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>9</revnumber><date>2008-07-03 16:08:29</date><authorinitials>devel03.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>8</revnumber><date>2007-03-09 20:26:21</date><authorinitials>callosum.BIC.Berkeley.EDU</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>7</revnumber><date>2006-08-16 13:52:43</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>6</revnumber><date>2006-08-16 11:43:59</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>5</revnumber><date>2006-08-16 11:41:27</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>4</revnumber><date>2006-08-16 11:06:29</date><authorinitials>RhodriCusack</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>3</revnumber><date>2006-07-24 17:17:11</date><authorinitials>cmbg-cache-2.server.ntli.net</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>2</revnumber><date>2006-07-04 16:14:57</date><authorinitials>cmbg-cache-2.server.ntli.net</authorinitials></revision><revision><revnumber>1</revnumber><date>2006-07-04 16:14:36</date><authorinitials>cmbg-cache-2.server.ntli.net</authorinitials></revision></revhistory></articleinfo><section><title>Principles of analysis</title><para>The aim of these pages is to introduce the theory behind different processing stages. If you're interested in the practicalities of how to do an analysis, you might want the <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/AnalysisSoftware#">software</ulink> page instead. </para><para>Below is an outline list of the areas of theory involved in functional imaging, and related documents that may help. Unfortunately some of these sources are difficult, but in my experience, all of them repay a slow reread, even if you think you understood almost nothing first time round.  There is a bias towards SPM, but the same principles usually apply to other imaging packages. </para></section><section><title>Introduction to imaging</title><section><title>Basic checks</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Check for <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/CommonArtefacts#">CommonArtefacts</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Run <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/DataDiagnostics#">DataDiagnostics</ulink> - this is done by most <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/aa#">AutomaticAnalysisIntroduction</ulink> recipes if you choose to use this path </para></listitem><listitem><para>If you are unfortunate enough to find bad data, consider whether to <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/RemoveBadScans#">RemoveBadScans</ulink> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Typical pre-processing stages</title><para>These are the stages typical to most analyses </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/SliceTiming#">Slice timing</ulink> - correcting for the fact that different slices in the brain are acquired at different times </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/FmBackground#">Undistort EPIs using field maps</ulink> - usually no longer necessary on data from the Siemens scanner </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/MotionCorrection#">Motion correction</ulink> - correcting for subject movement through an fMRI scan, sometimes called realignment </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/PrinciplesSpatialProcessing#">PrinciplesSpatialProcessing</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/ProcessingCoregistration#">ProcessingCoregistration</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/ProcessingNormalization#">ProcessingNormalization</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/ProcessingSmoothing#">ProcessingSmoothing</ulink> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Statistics</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/PrinciplesStatistics#">PrinciplesStatistics</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/BasicOnsetFiles#">Basic steps to making onset files</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/PrinciplesMultipleComparisons#">PrinciplesMultipleComparisons</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/PrinciplesRandomEffects#">PrinciplesRandomEffects</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/SmallVolumeCorrection#">SmallVolumeCorrection</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/RegionAnalysis#">RegionAnalysis</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/MultiVoxelPatternAnalysis#">Multi voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)</ulink> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section></section><section><title>Introductions to the theory and algorithms behind SPM</title><section><title>Presentations</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para>CBU <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/SpmMiniCourse2007#">SpmMiniCourse2007</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Rik Henson's <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/SpmMiniCourse#">SpmMiniCourse</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Introduction to fMRI methods: <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/Introduction_to_fMRI_2010#">(2010)</ulink> <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/Introduction_to_fMRI_2011#">(2011)</ulink> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Written guides</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/">FIL/SPM home page</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/SpmQuickStart#">SpmQuickStart</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>The <ulink url="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/doc/books/hbf2/">Human Brain Function book</ulink> - these are a series of chapters covering theory and to some extent implementation in SPM of the areas below. Be warned that some of these chapters are aimed at quite a high level, and may be hard to follow for those without relevant background. </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/dox.html">Papers published by the FIL group on SPM</ulink> - these are available online via the SPM website, as are some other important papers on related theory. </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/course/">SPM course notes</ulink> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section></section><section><title>More advanced issues</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/ParametricModulations#">ParametricModulations</ulink> - and the issue of orthogonalisation </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/DealingWithDifference#">DealingWithDifference</ulink> - HRF responses can differ from area to area </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/Templates#">Templates</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/FmriAnalysisProblems#">FmriAnalysisProblems</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/LocatingActivation#">LocatingActivation</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/MniTalairach#">MniTalairach</ulink> - differences between the MNI brain used by SPM and the Talairach atlas </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/BrodmannAreas#">BrodmannAreas</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/FindingCommissures#">FindingCommissures</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/AnatomyLinks#">AnatomyLinks</ulink> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Useful background</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/ImagingJournals#">ImagingJournals</ulink> </para></listitem><listitem><para>A very basic <ulink url="http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/pdfs/matrices.pdf">primer on matrices</ulink>, in pdf format (see the <ulink url="https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisPrinciples/imaging/ReadingOnlineDocs#">online reading page</ulink> if you need help with pdf documents). </para></listitem><listitem><para>This is a systematic and well-illustrated <ulink url="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/">introduction to linux</ulink>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>If you've never used shell scripting before, this <ulink url="http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/meg/AnalyzingData/Primer_ShellScripting">primer on shell scripting</ulink> or this <ulink url="http://www.freeos.com/guides/lsst/">tutorial</ulink> would be a start. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For Matlab, you can look at <ulink url="http://www.mathworks.com/academia/student_center/tutorials/launchpad.html">tutorials and demos</ulink> offered by Mathworks itself. This site also contains links to Matlab tutorials at some universities. You may want to start with the <ulink url="http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/pdf_doc/matlab/getstart.pdf">Getting Started</ulink> section.  The short introduction to <ulink url="http://www.antoniahamilton.com/matlab_for_psychologists.pdf">Matlab for psychologists</ulink> from the University of Nottingham is also useful. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The scripting language <ulink url="http://www.python.org/">Python</ulink> is increasingly becoming popular for its flexibility and simplicity. You could start with the <ulink url="http://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide">Beginners' Guide</ulink>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Look here for more information on <ulink url="http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/AnalysisSoftware">software</ulink>. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section></article>