= Jessica's neuroanatomy tutorial = (compiled by [http://www.jessicagrahn.com/index.html Jessica Grahn]) [[BR]] ||<60% bgcolor="#ffffff" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none"> attachment:brain_lobes.gif ||<60% bgcolor="#ffffff" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none">If only the brain really did come in colours... || [[BR]] == Orientation descriptions == [[BR]] ||<60% bgcolor="#ffffff" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none"> attachment:planes.GIF [[BR]][[BR]]* Coronal - Sections looking head-on, parallel to the face[[BR]]* Sagittal - Sections parallel to the side of the head[[BR]]* Horizontal / transverse / axial - sections parallel to the floor [[BR]][[BR]][[BR]][[BR]] ||<60% bgcolor="#ffffff" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none"> attachment:Orientation.gif [[BR]][[BR]]* Anterior / rostral- towards the front[[BR]]* Posterior / caudal - towards the back[[BR]]* Superior / dorsal - towards the top[[BR]]* Inferior / ventral - towards the bottom[[BR]]* Medial - towards the midline[[BR]]* Lateral - towards the sides || [[BR]] == The AC / PC line == [[BR]] The line joining the Anterior Commissure (AC) and Posterior Commissure (PC) attachment:ACPCline.png [[BR]] == The Cerebellum == [[BR]] (Schmahmann, J.D., et al., Neuroimage, 1999, 10:233-260. ) attachment:cerebellum_gammasurf_lobes.jpg [[BR]] attachment:gamma_sagslice.gif [[BR]] == The Basal Ganglia == [[BR]] Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (also called pallidum by AAL template). attachment:BG.png attachment:BG_nooutline.png [[BR]] [[BR]] == The caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (the most ventral outline) == [[BR]] attachment:Nature_ventral_striatum.jpg [[BR]] [[BR]] == The Thalamus == [[BR]] attachment:Thalamus.png [[BR]] [[BR]] == The Colliculi == [[BR]] Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus.[[BR]] In the z direction, once you see the colliculi, you are not in the thalamus anymore[[BR]] The upper left picture has crosshairs on the superior colliculus, the rest are centred on the inferior colliculus. attachment:colliculi.png [[BR]] [[BR]] == Brodmann Areas == [[BR]] In the cortex, Brodmann areas are often used in conjunction with anatomical lables to help specify an area. ||<60% bgcolor="#ffffff" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none"> attachment:brainbrodmannareas.gif||<60% bgcolor="#ffffff" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none;line-height:2em;">1, 2, 3 = primary sensory cortex[[BR]]4 = motor cortex[[BR]]5, 7 = secondary sensory cortex[[BR]]6 = supplementary motor area (medial) and premotor cortex (lateral)[[BR]]8 = frontal eye fields[[BR]]9/46 = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex[[BR]]10 = frontopolar cortex[[BR]]11, 12 = orbitofrontal areas[[BR]]17 = primary visual cortex[[BR]]18, 19, 20, 21, 37 = secondary visual cortex[[BR]]24, 32 = anterior cingulate cortex[[BR]]41 = primary auditory cortex[[BR]]22, 42 = secondary auditory cortex[[BR]]39 = angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area[[BR]]40 = supramarginal gyrus, part of Wernicke's area[[BR]]44/45 = Broca's Area[[BR]]47 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex[[BR]](13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only)[[BR]]Brodmann area 48 was described by Brodmann, but does not appear in his maps.|| [[BR]] [[BR]] == The medial temporal lobe == [[BR]] - hippocampus[[BR]] - parahippocampal gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35, 36)[[BR]] - amygdala[[BR]] - fusiform gyrus (roughly corresponds to parts of Brodmann areas 19, 37).[[BR]] [[BR]] attachment:HC.png attachment:HCPHCFGamyg2.png [[BR]] [[BR]] == The lateral temporal lobe == [[BR]] - Inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)[[BR]] - Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)[[BR]] - Superior temporal gyrus (STG)[[BR]] - Heschl's Gyrus (HG), also called transverse temporal gyrus. Contains primary auditory cortex[[BR]] - Temporal poles[[BR]] [[BR]] attachment:LateralTemporal1.png attachment:LateralTemporal2.png [[BR]] [[BR]] == The supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas == [[BR]] SMA and pre-SMA, medial Brodmann area 6 [[BR]] The dividing line between the pre-SMA and the SMA is often considered to be the plane of y = 0.[[BR]] [[BR]] attachment:SMApre-SMA.png [[BR]] [[BR]] == The anterior cingulate == [[BR]] Generally taken to have cognitive (red) and affective (blue) divisions.[[BR]] Brodmann areas 24 and 32.[[BR]] An excellent review (from which this figure was taken) is available [http://download.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/PIIS1364661304002657.pdf here] [[BR]] attachment:cingulate.PNG [[BR]] [[BR]] == The frontal lobe == [[BR]] Superior (red), middle (blue), and medial (greeen on midline) frontal gyri.[[BR]] The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into pars opercularis (pink), pars triangularis (green), and pars orbitalis (yellow)[[BR]] Brodmann area 44 = Broca's area[[BR]] Brodmann area 45/47 = Ventrolateral prefronal cortex (VLPFC)[[BR]] Brodmann areas 9/46 = Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [[BR]] [[BR]] attachment:frontal_lobe.png attachment:frontal_lobe_Rwhite.png attachment:brainbrodmannareas_2.gif